In the primary science classroom, argumentation is about students:

• articulating and communicating their thinking and understanding to others.
• sharing information and insights.
• presenting their ideas and evidence.
• receiving feedback and giving feedback to others.
• finding flaws in their own and others’ reasoning, based on evidence and data.
• reflecting on how their ideas have changed.

It is through articulating, communicating and debating their ideas and arguments that students are able to develop a deeper understanding of science and the way scientists think and work.

Establish norms

Introduce norms before starting a science discussion activity. For example:

• Listen when others speak
• Ask questions of each other
• Criticise ideas not people
• Listen to and discuss all ideas before selecting one

Claim, Evidence and Reasoning

In science, arguments that make claims are supported by evidence. Sophisticated arguments follow the QCER process:

Q – What question are you trying to answer? For example, ‘Does the number of bulbs in a circuit affect their brightness?’

C – The claim. For example, ‘The more bulbs in a circuit the duller the bulbs become’.

E – The evidence. For example, ‘When I increased the number of bulbs in a circuit the bulbs became duller each time another bulb was added’.

R – The reasoning. For example, ‘The more bulbs there are the harder it is for the electrical energy to flow. There is more resistance in the circuit.’

Encourage students to move from making claims only, to citing evidence to support their claims. Older students can develop full conclusions that include a claim, evidence and reasoning. This is an important characteristic of the nature of science and an aspect of scientific literacy. Using Science Question Starters helps to promote evidence-based discussion in the classroom.

Discuss with your colleagues

• Identify an example of when you planned an opportunity for students to have an evidence-based reaction.
• Describe how you encouraged students to distinguish between and evidence and a claim.
• Describe how you could scaffold this process for students.

References

Resource. (2017). AITSL. Retrieved June 18, 2024, from https://www.aitsl.edu.au/tools-resources/resource/promoting-independent-learning-and-thinking-illustration-of-practice#tab-panel-3